英语语法中的倒装、虚拟语气、时态语态还有被动语态各自的分类并且举例说明

英语语法中的倒装、虚拟语气、时态语态还有被动语态各自的分类并且举例说明
英语语法中的倒装、虚拟语气、时态语态还有被动语态各自的分类并且举例说明

英语语法中的倒装、虚拟语气、时态语态还有被动语态各自的分类并且举例说明
倒装的概念与分类
英语句子的结构一般是“主语 + 谓语”,语法上称这种语序为自然语序.但有时由于出于语法结构的需要或修辞的需要,常把句子中的一部分或全部倒转过来,这种语序就是倒装语序.
英语的倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装.其中部分倒装指的是将谓语的一部分位于主语前,其句式与一般疑问句的相同.如：
She hardly has time to listen to music.
=Hardly does she have time to listen to music.
他几乎没时间听音乐.
而完全倒装则指将谓语动词完全置于主语前.完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件：
①谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be)的不及物动词,且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时.
②主语只能是名词.
Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了.
Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了.
The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了,史密斯先生进了来.
注：若主语为人称代词,则不能用倒装.如：
Away he went. 他跑远了.
虚拟语气用法详解
一、 条件句中的虚拟语气
1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式
从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果.条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式.
时间
从句谓语形式
主句谓语形式

将来
动词过去式(be用were)
should + 动词原形
were to + 动词
would / should / might / could + 动词原形

现在
动词过去式(be 用 were)
would / should / might / could + 动词原形

过去
had +动词过去分词
would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词

2. 中的虚拟语气的举例
(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气.如：
If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话,他就会充分利用他的时间了.
(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气.如：
If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话,它会帮助我们的.
(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气.如：
If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影,我会把电影内容告诉你了.
3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时,须注意的几个问题
(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词若是系动词be时,可用was代替were.但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中,只能用were.如：
If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话,我要尽力抓住这次机会.
(2) 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时,须区别对待.
①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符.如：
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会使工程师了
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符.如：
If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了(from www.yygrammar.com).
③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反,而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反.如：
If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话,庄家会长得更好.
(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可省略,而将were, should, had等词置于句首.如：
Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去.
(4) 有时,句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件,而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断.如：
I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了,然而我太忙了.
(5) 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情.
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了.
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊.

二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气
1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为： should + 动词原形.并且 should不能省略
She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入.
He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到.
(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形.如(from www.yygrammar.com)：
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚.
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词.
2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同.如：
Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办.
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他.
(2) 在whatever, whichever,whenever,whoever, wherever,however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为：
① may +动词原形(指现在或将来).如：
We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成.
We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他.

② may +完成式(指过去) ,主句结构不限.如：
You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲(from www.yygrammar.com).
We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他.
(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形,主句结构不限.如：
Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到,他还是个好学生.
Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记,他也必须遵守规定.
3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气.虚拟语气的结构为：
表示所发生的时间
虚拟语气结构

发生在主句动作之前
had + 过去分词

与主句动作同时发生
过去时(be 用were )

发生在主句动作之后
would / could / might / should+原形动词

例如：
They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了.
He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了.
4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气
amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为：
① should + 原形动词(指现在或将来).如：
He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气,你竟然对他直呼其名.
I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题.
② should + 完成式, 指过去.如：
I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾,你这次考试竟然失败了.
I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊,父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情(from www.yygrammar.com).
三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1．英语中,如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词.如：
The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟.
The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务.
但是,当insist的意思为：坚决认为,坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明,暗含,暗示等时,宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气.如：
Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表.
His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了.
2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词.如：
Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎?
Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名?
3. 英语中,wish之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为(from www.yygrammar.com)：
表示所发生的时间
虚拟语气结构

发生在主句动作之前
(1)had + 过去分词；
(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词

与主句动作同时发生
过去时(be 用were )

发生在主句动作之后
would / could / might / should + 原形动词

例如：
I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语.
I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿.
He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏.
4. 英语中,would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为：
表示所发生的时间
虚拟语气结构

过去
had + 过去分词；

现在
过去时(be 用were )

将来
过去时(be 用were )

例如：
I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影.
I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿.
We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿.
四、主语从句中的虚拟语气
在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形,主句中的谓语动词形式不限.
句型：
(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural …that…
(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that…
(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that …
(4) It worries me that…
如：
It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要.
五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气
英语中,表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时,表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形.如：
We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助(from www.yygrammar.com).
He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学.
His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些.
Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂.
六、定语从句中的虚拟语气
英语中,表示：“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形.如：
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了.
It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了.
7. 简单句中的虚拟语气
1. 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词.如：
Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗?
You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心.
I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点.
2. 表示“祝愿”时,常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”.如：
May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风.
May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻.
3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形.如：
Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国******万岁.
God bless us. 上帝保佑.
4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气.
(1) 提出请求或邀请.如：
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?
Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗?
(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法.如：
I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴.
I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你.
(3) 提出劝告或建议.如：
You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲.
You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番.
(4) 提出问题.如：
Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗?
Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?
(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”.如：
You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了.
You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了.
英语被动语态讲解
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的.英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.巧记为：主动、主动、主去动.
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的.
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象.巧记为：被动、被动、主被动.例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者.
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念.所谓主动句就是由主动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子.
例如：He opened the door.他开了门.（主动句）
The door was opened.门被开了.（被动句）
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成.人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的.现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成.
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
歌诀是：被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面.
三、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁.
例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年.
（2）强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者.
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的.
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的.
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证.
歌诀：谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要；
动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到.
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）
（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）.
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格.例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made?by them?in the factory.
歌诀是：宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟.
谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用.
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留.
歌诀是：情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留.例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once