英语翻译There is an abundance of literature on MCDA for solving complex problems across a broad range of industries and applications.In fact,most decisions incorporate the evaluation of multiple criteria,although often this evaluation is implicit

英语翻译There is an abundance of literature on MCDA for solving complex problems across a broad range of industries and applications.In fact,most decisions incorporate the evaluation of multiple criteria,although often this evaluation is implicit
英语翻译
There is an abundance of literature on MCDA for solving complex problems across a broad range of industries and applications.In fact,most decisions incorporate the evaluation of multiple criteria,although often this evaluation is implicit and not reported.MCDA typically combines criteria and attributes to identify preferred alternatives.A weighted hierarchical approach is also commonplace.Embedded in the process are values that reflect subjective and objective considerations from the perspective of the decision-maker,or better still,from the consensus of a multidisciplinary team of decision-makers.Criterion or attribute weighting reveal decisionmaker preferences and need to be mapped explicitly against potential alternatives [11].Belton and Stewart define MCDA as an umbrella term for a collection of formal approaches for group or individual decision-making that takes explicit account of multiple criteria [12].MCDA has been one of the most widely applied decision models for sustainable development,in areas like land use planning [e.g.[13],forest management [e.g.[14],wetland protection [e.g.[15],wildlife management [e.g.[16],mining [e.g.[17],transportation [e.g.[18],portfolio management [e.g.[19],fisheries [e.g.[20],and built environment assets [e.g.[21].Not surprisingly,MCDA has been applied to mainstream construction and property problems,such as selecting appropriate refurbishment opportunities as discussed in this paper,as well as wider design and asset management applications.Different refurbishment applications are reported,ranging from simple decision models [e.g.[22] to complex ones [e.g.[23].There appears to be no clear consensus or agreement on the identification of key criteria,attributes and weighting.Indeed,these are likely to be dependent on the particular context,and at least for weightings,different in each case.Sun et al.concede that despite rising attention on asset management decision-making in recent years,there are few practical publications in this area [24].Value management is well accepted in the built environment and is a particular instance of MCDA,yet other evidence of acceptance or implementation of MCDA tools in practice is virtually non-existent.Sustainability has featured in contemporary MCDA discussions.Langston [25] describes a decision-making model called SINDEX that is used to choose between competing building designs via a sustainability index.Four key criteria are identified:maximize wealth,maximize utility,minimize resources,and minimize impact.These are weighted according to economic or social preferences and combined to give a ratio where the higher the ratio the more sustainable is the alternative.

英语翻译There is an abundance of literature on MCDA for solving complex problems across a broad range of industries and applications.In fact,most decisions incorporate the evaluation of multiple criteria,although often this evaluation is implicit
有大量的文献在广泛的工业和应用程序上解决复杂问题的MCDA.事实上,大多数决定包含多个标准的评价,虽然通常这种评估是没有报告的,隐式的,.通常结合标准和MCDA属性来识别优先选择.加权分层方法也司空见惯.嵌入式是在此过程中值,决策者从主观和客观的角度考虑,或者更好的是,决策来自一个多学科小组的共识.标准或属性权重揭示决策者偏好和需要,映射潜在选项明确反对.贝尔顿和斯图尔特定义MCDA作为一个总括术语集合了正式方法组或个人决策,需要明显的描述多个标准.MCDA一直是应用最广泛的可持续发展决策模型,在诸如土地利用规划(例如,森林管理[例如,如湿地保护,野生动物管理,矿业,交通,项目组合管理（如、渔业,和建筑环境资产）毫不奇怪,MCDA已经应用于主流建筑和房地产问题,如选择合适的整修机遇的探讨,以及更广泛的设计和资产管理应用程序.四个关键标准是:财富最大化、效用最大化,资源最小化,减少影响.这些是根据经济或社会偏好和两相结合,得出一个比率:该比率越高可持续越是可替代.